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علوم اجتماعی و جامعه شناسی::
انجمن ملی آموزش
As in interwar France, the leading teachers' union- in America, the National Education Association- was a spearhead of pacifism and a fountainhead of ideas of the left in general.
At its annual meetings, the NEA passed innumerable resolutions on subjects ranging far beyond education to issues involving migrant workers, voting laws, gun control, abortion, statehood for the District of Columbia, and many others, including issues of war and peace.
These resolutions have urged "disarmament agreements that reduce the possibility of war,"80 urged "that the United States make every effort to strengthen the United Nations to make it a more effective instrument for world peace,"81 called for "a halt to the arms race,"82 and declared that "specific materials need to be developed for use in school classrooms in order to attain goals that focus on the establishment of peace and the understanding of nuclear proliferation."83 The idea so much in vogue in the 1920s and 1930s, that war itself was the enemy, not other nations, reappeared in an NEA resolution that declared nuclear war "the common enemy of all nations and peoples."84 Trophies were awarded at the NEA's meetings for schools that created programs to promote pacifism and internationalism, in the name of "peace."
In 1982, for example, the National Education Association at its annual meeting awarded a peace trophy to its affiliate in the city of St.
The NEA meeting also adopted a resolution calling for "an immediate universal nuclear weapons freeze."88 In 1982, the Representative Assembly of the National Education Association called for a "freeze" on the development, testing or deployment of nuclear weapons.89 That same year, NEA president Willard H.
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